Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic relapsing disorder that is a major burden for the lives of affected individuals, and society as a whole. Opioid withdrawal is characterized by strong physical ...

Negative Affect Syndrome then emerges when individuals are unable to achieve an effective ratio of costs and benefits (i.e., they feel they can’t get their needs met) and they suffer as a consequence.

Two hundred forty college students were recruited from Songjiang University Town, Shanghai, according to the voluntary principle and convenience sampling method. The inclusion criteria were as follows ...